Psychological disorders Quiz

Criteria for defining psychological disorders depend on whether cultural norms are violated, whether behavior is maladaptive or harmful, and whether there is distress.
The medical model describes and explains psychological disorders as if they are diseases.
The vulnerability-stress model states that disorders are caused by an interaction between biological and environmental factors.
The learning model theorizes that psychological disorders result from the reinforcement of abnormal behavior.
The psychodynamic model states that psychological disorders result from maladaptive defenses against unconscious conflicts.
Psychologists use objective and projective tests to assess psychological disorders.

Classification allows psychologists to describe disorders, predict outcomes, consider treatments, and study etiology.
Insanity is a legal term, not a diagnostic label.
Psychologists and psychiatrists use the DSM to diagnose psychological disorders.
The DSM uses a multi-axial system of classification.
The DSM is a useful tool but has been criticized for several reasons.
Most of the major disorders in the DSM are found worldwide.
Culture-bound syndromes are limited to specific cultural contexts.

A chronic, high level of anxiety may be a sign of an anxiety disorder.
Generalized anxiety disorder involves persistent and excessive anxiety for at least six months.
Having a specific phobia means becoming anxious when exposed to a specific circumstance.
Social phobia is characterized by anxiety in social or performance situations.
A person with panic disorder experiences recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
Agoraphobia involves anxiety about having panic attacks in difficult or embarrassing situations.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder entails obsessions, compulsions, or both.
Post–traumatic stress disorder is a set of psychological and physiological responses to a highly traumatic event.
Biological factors implicated in the onset of anxiety disorders include genes, different sensitivity to anxiety, the neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin, and brain damage.
Conditioning and learning may contribute to the development of phobias.
Some styles of thinking may make people more susceptible to anxiety disorders.
Neuroticism is associated with anxiety disorders.

Mood disorders are characterized by marked disturbances in emotional state, which cause physical symptoms and affect thinking, social relationships, and behavior.
Mood disorders may be unipolar or bipolar.
People with dysthymic disorder have depressed mood for at least two years.
Major depressive disorder involves at least one period with significant depressive symptoms.
Bipolar disorders involve at least one period with manic symptoms and usually depressive periods as well.
Biological influences on mood disorders include genes, the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, and brain abnormalities.
There is a two-way relationship between negative thinking and depression.
Cognitive characteristics of depressed people include learned helplessness; a pessimistic worldview; hopelessness; a tendency to make internal, stable, global attributions; and a tendency to ruminate.
There is a two-way relationship between social support and depression.
Depression may be related to experiences of loss.
The onset and course of mood disorders may be influenced by stress.

Eating disorders are characterized by problematic eating patterns, concerns about body weight, and inappropriate efforts to control weight.
Anorexia nervosa entails very low body weight, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.
Bulimia nervosa involves binge eating and unhealthy efforts to control body weight.
Some people may have a genetic vulnerability to eating disorders.
Eating disorders may be associated with particular personality traits.
Cultural factors strongly influence the onset of eating disorders.
Lacking autonomy in the family and having an overly weight-conscious mother may influence the onset of eating disorders.
People with eating disorders tend to have certain distortions of thinking.
The onset of anorexia nervosa may be associated with stressful events.

Somatoform disorders are characterized by real physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, the effects of a drug, or another mental disorder.
A person with somatization disorder has many different, recurrent physical symptoms.
Conversion disorder involves symptoms that affect voluntary motor functioning or sensory functioning.
People with hypochondriasis constantly fear that they may have a serious disease.
People with histrionic personality traits may be more likely to develop somatoform disorders.
Several cognitive factors may contribute to somatoform disorders.
People with somatoform disorders may learn to adopt a sick role.

Many substance-related disorders are described in the DSM.
Substance abuse is a maladaptive pattern of drug use that results in repeated, negative legal, social, occupational, or academic consequences.
Substance dependence involves continuing to use a drug despite persistent harmful physical or psychological consequences.
The disease model of addiction holds that addiction is a disease that must be treated medically.
The learning model of addiction holds that addiction is a way of coping with stress.
Genes may produce a predisposition to substance dependence.
Several lines of evidence suggest that environmental factors play a key role in substance dependence.

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that includes positive and negative symptoms. There are several subtypes of schizophrenia.
The paranoid type is characterized by marked delusions or hallucinations and relatively normal cognitive and emotional functioning.
The disorganized type involves disorganized behavior, disorganized speech, and emotional flatness or inappropriateness.
The catatonic type is characterized by unnatural movement or speech patterns.
A diagnosis of undifferentiated type applies if diagnostic criteria are not met for any of the above three subtypes.
Research suggests that genes, neurotransmitters, and brain abnormalities are involved in the onset of schizophrenia.
Stress may help to induce schizophrenia in people who are already biologically vulnerable to the disorder.